V engine
An internal combustion engine configuration consisting of two cylinder banks, usually with the same number of cylinders in each bank, connected to a common crankshaft, and arranged at an angle to each other so as to form a V shape when viewed from the front of the engine.
V engine: two cylinder banks in a wedge
A V engine arranges its cylinders in two banks angled apart, sharing one crankshaft. Each bank typically mirrors the other, with pistons from both sides driving connecting rods to the same crank pins. The angle between banks commonly falls between 60 and 90 degrees; V6 engines often use 60 degrees, V8s typically 90 degrees. Viewed from the front, the cylinders form a V shape, hence the name.
The primary advantage is compact packaging. A V6 engine occupies less length than an inline 6-cylinder, and a V8 is shorter than an inline 8-cylinder (which is rare in modern cars). This allows V engines to fit within tighter engine bays, leaving more cabin space. The V configuration also lowers the center of gravity compared to an inline layout because the cylinder banks sit wider and lower in the frame.
V engines require a more complex crankshaft than inline engines. The crank must accept connecting rods from both banks, typically with some crank pins shared and others offset. This increases manufacturing cost but enables the engine to occupy less longitudinal space. Cooling and lubrication systems must reach both banks efficiently; typically one head gasket sits between the V, and oil passages run through the block to service both sides.
Common variants and balance
V4 and V5 engines exist but are uncommon in production. V6, V8, V10, and V12 configurations are the norm. The angle between banks affects engine balance. A 90-degree V8, for example, fires at regular intervals with four strokes per revolution, producing relatively smooth power delivery. V6 engines often use 60 or 90 degrees; the choice depends on firing order and vibration characteristics desired. Some V engines require balance shafts to counteract residual vibration.
V engines can suffer from uneven cooling between the two banks if coolant flow is poorly distributed, potentially causing hot spots. The complexity of dual ignition systems, two valve covers, and dual intake manifolds also increases maintenance demands compared to simpler inline engines. In high-performance applications, the V layout allows engineers to place turbochargers or superchargers in the central V cavity, improving packaging density.